What are opsins?
Opsins are specialized proteins that detect light. They are located within the cell membrane and allow the cell to detect the lighting environment. We have known for a long time that opsins are found in the retina, but new research has discovered opsins in the skin, in fat cells and in the brain.
OPN3 – A blue light sensitive opsin
These are white adipocytes, cells that store energy molecules. OPN3 is in white fat cells and makes them sensitive to light. When blue light is detected by fat cells, the energy molecule storage is changed. The molecules stored in fat are required for all the energy needs of the body including the maintenance of body temperature.
In the skin, OPN5 is found in cells that surround the hair follicles. These cells detect light to regulate the cycling of the skin circadian clock. This clock ensure that the skin is prepared for the different demands of night and day.
OPN5- A Violet light sensitive Opsin
OPN5 in found a brain region called the hypothalamus. When violet light is detected by OPN5 neurons, body temperature is regulated.
Hypothalamic OPN5 neurons and OPN3 fat cells communicate back and forwards (via the neuroendocrine system) to maintain energy balance (a condition called homeostasis).
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